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NEW QUESTION # 61
At what temperature do cellulose nitrate products begin to decompose?
- A. 300° F (150° C)
- B. 581° F (305° C)
- C. 425° F (218° C)
- D. 350° F (177° C)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Cellulose nitrate products begin to decompose at about 300 °F (150 °C). This is the temperature at which the nitrate ester bonds start to break down and release nitric acid, which further catalyzes the decomposition. The decomposition temperature depends on the nitrogen content, the stabilizers, and the external heating rate of the cellulose nitrate. Higher nitrogen content, lower stabilizer concentration, and faster heating rate lower the decomposition temperature and increase the risk of thermal runaway.
References:Nitrocellulose - Wikipedia;Comparative analysis of stable decomposition and combustion kinetics of nitrated cellulose;Degradation of aged nitrocellulose investigated by thermal analysis methods;Nitrocellulose;Effect of stabilizers and nitrogen content on thermal properties of nitrocellulose
NEW QUESTION # 62
All of the following Road Tunnel fire model types are used EXCEPT
- A. two-dimensional models.
- B. zone models.
- C. one-dimensional models.
- D. field models.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Two-dimensional models are not a common type of road tunnel fire models. Most road tunnel fire models are either one-dimensional, zone, or field models. One-dimensional models use a simplified approach to describe the fire and smoke behavior along the tunnel axis, assuming uniform conditions across the tunnel cross-section. Zone models divide the tunnel into two or more zones, each with uniform properties, and apply mass and energy conservation equations to each zone. Field models use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve the governing equations for mass, momentum, energy, and species transport in a three-dimensional grid, capturing the spatial and temporal variations of the fire and smoke phenomena. Two-dimensional models are rarely used for road tunnel fire simulations, as they cannot account for the complex three-dimensional effects of fire and ventilation in tunnels.
References:Design Fires in Road Tunnels | The National Academies Press;CFD Modelling of Fire Ventilation in Road Tunnels - Academia.edu;Findings of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research ...1
NEW QUESTION # 63
In the plastics industry, which one of the following is NOT one of the four broad areas of processing?
- A. Polymerization
- B. Conversion
- C. Manufacturing
- D. Finishing
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
In the plastics industry, the four broad areas of processing arepolymerization,conversion,finishing, and recycling1.Polymerization is the process of creating plastic resins from monomers or pre-polymers, using chemical reactions such as addition, condensation, or ring-opening2.Conversion is the process of transforming plastic resins into plastic products, using various methods such as injection molding, blow molding, extrusion, rotational molding, and thermoforming3.Finishing is the process of adding value to plastic products, such as coating, printing, welding, or assembling4.Recycling is the process of recovering plastic waste and converting it into new plastic products or raw materials, using mechanical, chemical, or biological methods5. Therefore, manufacturingis not one of the four broad areas of processing in the plastics industry, as it is a general term that encompasses all the stages of producing plastic products from raw materials.References:
Plastics Manufacturing: Types of Plastic and Processes - Deskera
Plastics industry - Wikipedia
Methods of Processing Plastic - Plastics Industry
Plastic recycling - Wikipedia
Polymerization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
NEW QUESTION # 64
After an emergency incident has occurred, a post-incident critique of the emergency preparedness procedure should be conducted covering the detection of the incident, implementation of incident command, and
- A. total time of the incident.
- B. notification, alerting and warning procedures.
- C. cause of the incident.
- D. where the incident occurred.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct answer is B. After an emergency incident has occurred, a post-incident critique of the emergency preparedness procedure should be conducted covering the detection of the incident, implementation of incident command, andnotification, alerting and warning procedures. These are some of the key elements of an effective emergency response that need to be evaluated and improved after an incident.A post-incident critique is a systematic review of the actions and decisions taken during an emergency incident, with the aim of identifying lessons learned, best practices, gaps, and corrective actions1.A post-incident critique should involve all the relevant stakeholders, such as emergency responders, emergency managers, facility managers, and affected community members2.A post-incident critique should also follow a structured format, such as the one suggested by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)3:
Introduction: The facilitator introduces the purpose, objectives, ground rules, and agenda of the critique session.
Incident Overview: The facilitator provides a brief summary of the incident, including the date, time, location, type, size, and impact of the incident.
Timeline Review: The facilitator leads a chronological review of the major events and actions that occurred during the incident, using a timeline or a log as a reference.
Strengths and Areas for Improvement: The facilitator solicits feedback from the participants on what went well and what needs to be improved, focusing on the following topics:
Detection of the incident: How was the incident detected and reported? How timely and accurate was the information? How effective were the communication systems and protocols?
Implementation of incident command: How was the incident command system established and maintained? How clear and appropriate were the roles and responsibilities of the incident commander and other staff? How well did the incident command coordinate with other agencies and organizations?
Notification, alerting and warning procedures: How were the internal and external stakeholders notified, alerted, and warned about the incident? How timely and accurate were the messages?
How effective were the methods and channels of communication?
Other topics: Depending on the nature and scope of the incident, other topics may include resource management, operational tactics, safety and security, public information, recovery and restoration, etc.
Action Plan: The facilitator summarizes the main findings and recommendations from the critique session, and assigns responsibilities and deadlines for implementing the corrective actions.
Conclusion: The facilitator thanks the participants for their contributions, and provides information on how the results of the critique will be documented and shared.
NEW QUESTION # 65
The goals of the first edition of NFPA 13D were to provide sufficient time for safe egress or rescue, economic viability, and
- A. limit damage to the dwelling.
- B. alert the fire department.
- C. limit water damage.
- D. prevent flashover.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
According to the web search results, the goals of the first edition of NFPA 13D were to provide sufficient time for safe egress or rescue, economic viability, and limit damage to the dwelling. The first edition of NFPA 13D was published in 1975 and was based on the concept of a "life safety" sprinkler system that was intended to protect the occupants of one- and two-family dwellings and manufactured homes from fire.The first edition of NFPA 13D stated that the system was not designed to protect the property or contents from fire damage, but rather to provide a tenable environment for escape or rescue1.The first edition of NFPA 13D also recognized the need for economic viability of the system, and therefore allowed for reduced water supply and piping requirements compared to other sprinkler standards2.The first edition of NFPA 13D did not explicitly state the goal of limiting damage to the dwelling, but it implied that the system would have some beneficial effect on the fire spread and severity by stating that the system was designed to prevent flashover in the room of fire origin1.References:
NFPA 13D: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 1975 Edition, Section 1-11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8, Section 8.2.1.22
NEW QUESTION # 66
Dipping and coating processes should be separated from other operations, materials, or occupancies by location, fire walls, or
- A. operational procedures.
- B. process systems.
- C. exhaust systems
- D. fire partitions.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Dipping and coating processes using flammable or combustible liquids pose a significant fire and explosion hazard and should be isolated from other operations, materials, or occupancies by location, fire walls, or operational procedures. Location refers to the physical separation of the process from other areas by distance or barriers. Fire walls are fire-resistance-rated assemblies that prevent the spread of fire from one side to the other. Operational procedures are rules or guidelines that regulate the conduct of the process and its personnel, such as limiting the amount of flammable or combustible liquids in use, controlling ignition sources, and providing adequate ventilation.
References: NFPA 34: Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids, 2021 Edition, Section 4.21; Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter
8, Section 8.3.12.
1:NFPA 34: Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids2:Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8
NEW QUESTION # 67
When using the Fire Safety Concept Tree to assess life safety for occupancies, the major categories of strategies include managing the fire, managing exposed occupants, and
- A. emergency response.
- B. occupant notification.
- C. risk classification.
- D. fire prevention.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Fire Safety Concept Tree is a tool for systematically evaluating the fire safety performance of a building or occupancy. It consists of three main branches: fire prevention, fire protection, and fire safety management.
Fire prevention aims to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of fire. Fire protection aims to control or limit the fire development and spread, and to protect the exposed occupants and property. Fire safety management aims to ensure the effective operation and maintenance of the fire safety systems and the appropriate human behavior in case of fire. Emergency response is one of the subcategories of fire protection, which includes the actions of the fire department, the building staff, and the occupants to respond to the fire emergency.References:
NEW QUESTION # 68
The principle fuels used in a modern grain dryer are natural gas, vaporized liquid propane, and
- A. gasoline.
- B. fuel oil.
- C. hydrogen.
- D. methane.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 69
Which type of heat detector automatically resets after operation, when the ambient temperature drops below the operating temperature?
- A. Rate-of-Rise
- B. lonization
- C. Electronic spot-type
- D. Rate compensation
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 70
How many additional switches or circuit breakers are allowed for a separate service?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
According to NFPA 70: National Electrical Code (NEC) 2020 Edition, Article 230.71(A), each service shall have only one disconnecting means unless the requirements of 230.71(B) are met, which provide four specific service configurations. In each configuration, there shall be not more than six switches or sets of circuit breakers, or a combination of not more than six switches and sets of circuit breakers, per service grouped in any one location. Therefore, the maximum number of additional switches or circuit breakers allowed for a separate service is six.References:
NFPA 70: National Electrical Code (NEC) 2020 Edition, Article 230.71(A) and (B)12 ElectricalLicenseRenewal.com, 230.71 Maximum Number of Disconnects3
NEW QUESTION # 71
For standpipe systems containing 11/2 - 21/2 in. (40 - 65 mm) hose connection outlets without preconnected hose, a pressure regulating device is required when pressure exceeds
- A. 150 psi (1034 kPa).
- B. 175 psi (1207 kPa).
- C. 100 psi (689 kPa).
- D. 125 psi (862 kPa).
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Standpipe
Explore
175 psi (1207 kPa).
For standpipe systems containing 11/2 - 21/2 in. (40 - 65 mm) hose connection outlets without preconnected hose, a pressure regulating device is required when the pressure exceeds 175 psi (1207 kPa), according to NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 2019 edition. This requirement applies to Class I and Class III standpipe systems, which are intended for use by fire department personnel or trained occupants. A pressure regulating device is a device that automatically reduces and controls the pressure of the water flowing through the hose connection outlet to a predetermined value.This device helps to prevent excessive pressure that could damage the hose, nozzle, or fittings, or cause difficulty in handling the hose stream123 References:
NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems1
Standpipe System Design and Calculations | NFPA | NFPA2
ENGINE COMPANY STANDPIPE OPERATIONS:PRESSURE-REGULATING DEVICES3
NEW QUESTION # 72
Heat transfer oils can be used up to
- A. 600° F (315° C).
- B. 650° F(343° C).
- C. 750° F (399C).
- D. 700° F (371° C).
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
650° F(343° C).
Heat transfer oils are fluids that are used to transfer heat from one source to another in various industrial applications, such as chemical processing, oil refining, power generation, and food processing. Heat transfer oils can be classified into two types: mineral oils and synthetic oils. Mineral oils are derived from petroleum and have a lower cost and a lower flash point than synthetic oils.Synthetic oils are made from organic or silicone compounds and have a higher thermal stability and a higher flash point than mineral oils1 The maximum temperature that heat transfer oils can be used up to depends on the type and quality of the oil, as well as the design and operation of the heat transfer system. Different oils have different boiling points, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and thermal degradation rates.Generally, synthetic oils can withstand higher temperatures than mineral oils, but they are also more expensive and may require special handling and storage1 According to the web search results, the maximum temperature that heat transfer oils can be used up to ranges from 300°C to 400°C (572°F to 752°F), depending on the specific product and manufacturer.For example, the product brochure from Klüber Lubrication states that their heat transfer oils have an application range of operating temperatures up to 550°F (288°C)2.The product data sheet from Sinopec states that their heat transfer oils can be used up to 540°F (282°C)3.The product information from Paratherm states that their high temperature heat transfer fluids have service temperatures of 3°C to 357°C (37°F to 675°F)4. Therefore, based on these sources, the closest answer to the question is B. 650° F(343° C). However, it is important to note that the maximum temperature that heat transfer oils can be used up to may vary depending on the specific conditions and requirements of each application.
References:
Heat Transfer Fluids - A Comparison of Types1
High-temperature heat transfer fluids - Dow5
Heat Transfer Oils - klueber.com2
Heat Transfer Oil Suppliers | Heat Transfer Oils include low ...3
High Temperature Heat Transfer Fluids | Paratherm4
NEW QUESTION # 73
What is the maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility?
- A. 50 ft. (15 m).
- B. 200 ft. (60 m).
- C. 100 ft.(30 m).
- D. 150 ft. (46 m).
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility is 200 ft. (60 m). This is based on NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, Chapter 18, Section 18.3.7.3, which states that "the travel distance from any point in a smoke compartment to reach a door in the required smoke barrier shall not exceed 200 ft (61 m)." A smoke compartment is a space within a building that is enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom. A smoke barrier is a continuous membrane, or a combination of materials, that is designed to restrict the movement of smoke.A smoke barrier door is a door assembly that is installed in a smoke barrier to allow access between smoke compartments123
NEW QUESTION # 74
The primary design approach to mitigate the effect of wind on smoke movement in high-rise buildings is based on
- A. tightness of the building.
- B. outside temperature.
- C. height of the building.
- D. fire department access.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 75
What are the two classes of fire models?
- A. Field and laboratory
- B. Physical and mathematical
- C. Behavioral and theoretical
- D. Open and closed
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The two classes of fire models arephysical and mathematical. Physical fire models are scaled-down representations of real fire scenarios, using laboratory experiments and measurements to study the fire behavior and effects.Physical fire models can be used to test hypotheses, validate mathematical models, and provide empirical data for fire analysis1. Mathematical fire models are numerical or analytical solutions of the equations that govern the fire phenomena, such as heat transfer, fluid dynamics, combustion, and chemical kinetics.Mathematical fire models can be used to simulate fire scenarios, predict fire outcomes, and optimize fire protection systems2. There are two major categories of mathematical fire models: zone models and field models. Zone models divide the fire compartment into two or more homogeneous zones, such as upper and lower layers, and apply mass and energy conservation equations to each zone.Zone models are relatively simple, fast, and easy to use, but they have limitations in accuracy and applicability3. Field models solve the partial differential equations that describe the fire-driven fluid flow and heat transfer in three dimensions, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques.Field models are more detailed, realistic, and flexible, but they require more computational resources and expertise4.References:
Fire modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics - BRE Group
Fire modeling programs | NIST
interFIRE, A site dedicated to improving fire investigation worldwide.
Computer Fire Models for Fire Investigation and Reconstruction
NEW QUESTION # 76
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